Ancient Dancing Girl of Mohenjo-Daro

The Dancing Girl of Mohenjo-Daro is what generations of besotted archaeologists have named a 10.8 centimeter (4.25 inch) tall copper-bronze statuette found in the ruins of Mohenjo Daro. That city is one of the most important sites of the Indus Civilization, or more accurately, the Harappan Civilization (2600-1900 BC) of Pakistan and northwestern India. The Dancing Girl figurine was sculpted using the lost wax (cire perdue) process, which involves making a mold and pouring molten metal into it. Made about 2500 BC, the statuette was found in the remains of a small house in the southwestern quarter of Mohenjo Daro by Indian archaeologist D. R. Sahni [1879-1939] during his 1926-1927 field season at the site. The Dancing Girl Figurine The figurine is a naturalistic free-standing sculpture of a nude woman, with small breasts, narrow hips, long legs and arms, and a short torso. She wears a stack of 25 bangles on her left arm. She has very long legs and arms compared to her torso; her head is tilted slightly backward and her left leg is bent at the knee. On her right arm are four bangles, two at the wrist, two above the elbow; that arm is bent at the elbow, with her hand on her hip. She wears a necklace with three large pendants, and her hair is in a loose bun, twisted in a spiral fashion and pinned in place at the back of her head. Some scholars suggest that the Dancing Girl statuette is a portrait of a real woman. Individuality of the Dancing Girl Although there have been literally thousands of figurines recovered from Harappan sites, including over 2,500 at Harappa alone, the vast majority of figurines are terracotta, made from fired clay. Only a handful of Harappan figurines are carved from stone (such as the famous priest-king figure) or, like the dancing lady, of lost-wax copper bronze. Figurines are an elaborate class of representational artifact found in many ancient and modern human societies. Human and animal figurines can give insight into concepts of sex, gender, sexuality and other aspects of social identity. That insight is important for us today because many ancient societies left no decipherable written language. Although the Harappans had a written language, no modern scholar has been able to decipher the Indus Script to date. Metallurgy and the Indus Civilization A recent survey of the use of copper-based metals used in Indus civilization sites (Hoffman and Miller 2014) found that most of the classic Harappan aged objects made of copper-bronze are vessels (jars, pots, bowls, dishes, pans, scale pans) formed from sheet copper; tools (blades from sheet copper; chisels, pointed tools, axes and adzes) manufactured by casting; and ornaments (bangles, rings, beads, and decorative-headed pins) by casting. Hoffman and Miller found that copper mirrors, figurines, tablets, and tokens are relatively rare compared to these other artifact types. There are many more stone and ceramic tablets than those made of copper-based bronze. The Harappans made their bronze artifacts using a variety of blends, alloys of copper with tin and arsenic, and varying lesser amounts of zinc, lead, sulfur, iron, and nickel. Adding zinc to copper makes an object brass rather than bronze, and some of the earliest brasses on our planet were created by the Harappans. Researchers Park and Shinde (2014) suggest that the variety of blends used in different products was the result of fabrication requirements and the fact that pre-alloyed and pure copper was traded into the Harappan cities rather than produced there. The lost wax method used by Harappan metallurgists involved first carving the object out of wax, then covering it in wet clay. Once the clay was dried, holes were bored into the mold and the mold was heated, melting the wax. The empty mold was then filled with a melted mixture of copper and tin. After that cooled, the mold was broken, revealing the copper-bronze object. Possible African Origins The ethnicity of the woman depicted in the figure has been a somewhat controversial subject over the years since the figurine was discovered. Several scholars such as ECL During Casper have suggested that the lady looks African. Recent evidence for Bronze Age trade contact with Africa has been found at Chanhu-Dara, another Harappan Bronze Age site, in the form of pearl millet, which was domesticated in Africa about 5,000 years ago. There is also at least one burial of an African woman at Chanhu-Dara, and it is not impossible that the Dancing Girl was a portrait of a woman from Africa. However, the figurines hairdressing is a style worn by Indian women today and in the past, and her armful of bangles is similar to a style worn by contemporary Kutchi Rabari tribal women. British Archaeologist Mortimer Wheeler, one of many scholars besotted by the statuette, recognized her as a woman from the Baluchi region. Sources Clark SR. 2003. Representing the Indus Body: Sex, Gender, Sexuality, and the Anthropomorphic Terracotta Figurines from Harappa. Asian Perspectives 42(2):304-328. Clark SR. 2009. Material Matters: Representation and Materiality of the Harappan Body. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 16:231–261. Craddock PT. 2015. The metal casting traditions of South Asia: Continuity and innovation. Indian Journal of History of Science 50(1):55-82. During Caspers ECL. 1987. Was the dancing girl from Mohenjo-daro a Nubian? Annali, Instituto Oriental di Napoli 47(1):99-105. Hoffman BC, and Miller HM-L. 2014. Production and Consumption of Copper-Base Metals in the Indus Civilization. In: Roberts BW, and Thornton CP, editors. Archaeometallurgy in Global Perspective: Methods and Syntheses. New York, NY: Springer New York. p 697-727. Kennedy KAR, and Possehl GL. 2012. Were There Commercial Communications between Prehistoric Harappans and African Populations? Advances in Anthropology 2(4):169-180. Park J-S, and Shinde V. 2014. Characterization and comparison of the copper-base metallurgy of the Harappan sites at Farmana in Haryana and Kuntasi in Gujarat, India. Journal of Archaeological Science 50:126-138. Possehl GL. 2002. The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective. Walnut Creek, California: Altamira Press. Sharma M, Gupta I, and Jha PN. 2016. From Caves to Miniatures: Portrayal of Woman in Early Indian Paintings. Chitrolekha International Magazine on Art and Design 6(1):22-42. Shinde V, and Willis RJ. 2014. A New Type of Inscribed Copper Plate from Indus Valley (Harappan) Civilisation. Ancient Asia 5(1):1-10. Sinopoli CM. 2006. Gender and archaeology in south and southwest Asia. In: Milledge Nelson S, editor. Handbook of Gender in Archaeology. Lanham, Maryland: Altamira Press. p 667-690. Srinivasan S. 2016. Metallurgy of zinc, high-tin bronze and gold in Indian antiquity: Methodological aspects. Indian Journal of History of Science 51(1):22-32.

Iran And The Iranian Revolution - 1227 Words

Whilst the discontent that the Iranian citizens felt for their government and their economic situation was a contributing factor in the outbreak of the 1979 Iranian Revolution, it was the growing Western influence in Islamic culture that was the main cause for the revolution. The Iranian/Islamic Revolution refers to the events involving the deposing of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi and pro-American government, and the replacement with an anti-Western authoritarian theocracy under the leader of the revolution, the Grand Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. The revolution was mainly supported by various leftist Islamic organizations and Iranian student movements to firstly, protest against the increasing Westernization of Iran and secondly, it was in†¦show more content†¦The Iranian government only received 25% of the profits (Zaya, n.d.). As oil is one of Iran’s biggest export this seizure of the oilfields was a topic of great consternation. The conditions for the Anglo-Persian I ranian workers were dismal as the account in â€Å"All the Shah s Men: An American Coup and the Roots of Middle East Terror† illustrates. American author, Stephan Kinzer writes, â€Å"Wages were 50 cents a day. There was no vacation pay, no sick leave, no disability compensation. The workers lived in a shanty town called Kaghazabad, or Paper City, without running water or electricity† (Kinzer, 2003). As this is a primary source, it can be assumed that this is an accurate account on the conditions for the workers. This mistreatment of the Iranians and their government was the beginning of the distrust and aversion to the West in Iran. In addition, this distrust of the West only intensified when Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, Iran’s monarchical leader, introduced †The White Revolution† which was inspired by Western ideals (Zaya, n.d.). Although the â€Å"White Revolution† funded the establishment of agricultural cooperatives, radically amplified th e utilization of fertilizers, tractors and harvesters and, most vital of all, provided property to 1,638,000 peasant families, 96 percent of the lower-class were also left

Airline Pricing free essay sample

A discussion on the multitude of interconnected issues of airline pricing. The following paper discusses how there is no one aspect that stands out as a single determining factor of price per passenger or per flight. The writer examines how the air carriers act with the interest of maximizing revenue, whether that maximization occurs over time or with each flight. The condition of the company itself is also a major consideration in how the price analysts approach their job, which is also discussed in this paper. Is the company struggling on the brink of or within bankruptcy? Do they need to break even or come out far ahead of their competition in the market? Also, the conditions of airports themselves can be a determining factor, especially in the long run: failure to expand capacity (of airports) will result in spilled demand and place an upward pressure on prices, (Economics FAQs). Because major hubs are experiencing a vast increase in air traffic, the resulting delays and decreased quality of service adversely affects demand. We will write a custom essay sample on Airline Pricing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Decreased demand implies an increase in prices to compensate for lack of revenue. The Law of Demand is probably the key factor in determining price of air travel; its ancillary clauses including Demand Elasticity are also primary factors. Finally, we must consider the day-to-day decisions made by the airlines to determine what price changes to put into effect. These day-to-day tactics, described in Wells, involve the different fare levels and rules and restrictions placed on tickets. Significant variables influencing these decisions include peak/off peak seasons and other load-determining factors.

Project Management, Leadership and Skills Planning and Control

The leadership can be considered as an art to direct the intentions, attention, and efforts of the employees into a needed direction for the project to succeed. It should be stated that the question concerning the leadership and how it affects the working process remains one of the most discussed and argued. The differences in approaches and methods of implementation theory on practice provide the project managers with the variety of techniques and strategies that can be chosen for the suitable reasons.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Project Management, Leadership and Skills: Planning and Control specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although it is significantly important for the leader to develop the strategy that will lead the project and company for the successful outcome, it should be stressed that the role of the team should not be undervalued as the motivation and confidence in the accomplishment of the goals influences the working process greatly (Schunk 2012, p. 77). The main objective of the paper is to discuss the role of the leadership and the teambuilding in the project management, to center attention on the theoretical models and identify the ways for the inspiration and staff motivation. The motivational factors influence the efficiency of the employees and play an important role while project management. It should be highlighted that every individual in the group is different and unique, that is, their motivation is rooted in different things (Dwivedula Bredillet 2010, p. 160). The major task of the leader is to find the key to every person and to use appropriate methods and techniques of motivation to increase the level of interest to the performing tasks. Despite the fact that everyone is unique, some elements can motivate the whole group. The most difficult part is to understand what is needed to make people motivated; however, the deep listening technique, observation, and communication may be a helpful tool while identifying the motivational factors (Ervin 2012, p. 391). To get the better understanding of the issue, one should pay close attention to certain motivational exercise. According to the recent researcher in the field of motivation on the workplace, there different approaches that can be implemented into the working process (Rose 2014, p. 30). First and foremost, one of the fundamental tasks of the leader is to bring the team closer. It should be pointed out that it may be beneficial to use the flipchart to save all the discussed ideas. The purpose of every meeting should be clear to the team members; moreover, the workers should feel comfortable, respected, and be heard. Such attitude will encourage the employees and will satisfy them. During the meeting, the leader can ask everyone what the motivation is and what factors can motivate best. Usually, there are certain types of the motivation that can be considered as obvious one, for example , money, recognition, self-development, accomplishments, and promotion.Advertising Looking for report on project management? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, there is a hidden side of motivation like the flexible working schedule and the possibility to bring pets to the workplace. The leader should notice similarities and differences in motivation within the team. To avoid the misunderstanding, all the questions should be clarified as the flexibility of the working process may mean the ability to solve some issues over the phone, whereas some team members are sure that this is about coming to work earlier or later. The next step is to prioritize every motivator. The team members should score their motivator elements from the most important to the less, and then put the results into the flipchart. This way, the leader gets the opportunity to identify the most significant motivators that should be used while the working process for the project to succeed. After identifying the significant tools that can motivate people, the leader should try to find the possible ways to apply the gained knowledge. The most widespread motivational factors are the following, namely, responsibility, support, promotion, achievement, the feeling of progress, interest to work, flexible work arrangements, good relationship, and purpose (Shearer 2012, p. 50). Taking into consideration stated above motivators, it is significant to point out that responsibility can be used as a tool to increase the confidence and feeling of the personal power of the employee. Support can be important for some team members, in this case, the leader should understand what can be frustrating and what should be done to improve the working conditions or eliminate the obstacles. People commonly lose motivation when they do not see results, progress, or the purpose of the work. That is, it is significantly important to set realistic and short-term goals. However, it is not enough, as the team members should also understand that they are valued, so the thankful words for the hard work can contribute to the increasing level of the motivation. When people feel that they are involved in an interesting and unique project, it can be beneficial for the future outcome. By eliminating the stressful situations at the workplace, the leader gets a chance to improve the working conditions of the employees. The distracting and tense atmosphere influences not only the mood of people but also the way they perform tasks. The flexibility of the working process may also contribute to the motivational level; however, in this case, everyone should understand what it means and what consequences it may have. One of the opportunities is to make the starting and finishing hours flexible. Another approach is to change the working process and let some team members work freelance, although, sometimes it may influence the successful outcome of the projec t. The leader should pay a lot of attention towards this issue. The positive atmosphere within the team is one of the most significant factors for the team members to feel comfortable.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Project Management, Leadership and Skills: Planning and Control specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Team activities are the best tool that can be used to unite people. The employees should have a time before the meeting to exchange thoughts and ideas, or simply communicate. The involvement of the leader in such discussions is significant as the communication about personal information contributes to the trust development. According to the recent studies, there are different types of the leaders and the techniques that can be implemented into the working process (Sethuraman Suresh 2014, p. 168). First of all, it should be stated that the authoritative type describes the person who guides the members o f the team using certain knowledge and shares his point of view and vision with other people (Saeed et al. 2014, p. 216). Such leaders understand the significance of collaboration. The next type of the leadership is coercive. It should be stated that the project managers who work with a very young people usually address to this approach, although, some of the teammates can describe this style as a dictator one. However, one should pay close attention towards the implementation of the coercive technique as it is appropriate only while working with people who lack needed skills and knowledge. In contrast to the coercive is the democratic approach, which is considered to be the one that lacks the guidance, it can be compared to the football game without the coach. One of the most popular styles of the leadership is all for one and one for all, that allows every team member to use personal creativity and to get involved in all the levels of the project organization. The team leader is t he person who draws conclusions from the challenges and mistakes and implements the appropriate techniques of the leadership to improve the work of the team for the project to succeed. The question concerning the best type of the management and leadership style seems to be unanswered as there is no approach that could satisfy the needs of every project. As the matter of fact, the prolific work of the team depends on the leader, that is, the pacesetter should be inspiring, flexible, set realistic goals, and be open to the new ideas. It should be pointed out that the successful leader understands the importance of changing the approaches with the development of the project as it is significant to correct or modify the style to achieve greater results. Leadership is believed to be the essential part of every successful project as the pacesetter can be seen as a guiding element towards the prosperous realization of the task. It is significantly important to be able to influence workers and the way they see their work for the accomplishment of the goals that were set in the beginning. The primary role of the leader is to set the direction and to evaluate the efforts that need to be done for the achievement of the objectives (Maley 2012, p. 99).Advertising Looking for report on project management? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are certain characteristics that can be considered as the typical ones for the leader, among them are the following: the leader sees and uses every possibility, he is communicator, coach, learner, listener, coordinator, inspirator, the one who makes the difference not only in the working process but also in the life of the employees. However, it should be highlighted that the stated above description of the leader is not full as the guiding person is much more. The manager should combine every needed trait of character for the success of the project. The leader is not someone who is born with the all needed characteristics; moreover, one should understand that the leader skills should be developed. The background and the experience can help to gain appropriate knowledge; however, it is not enough for the true leader to arise. It should be pointed out that the learning process should be implemented for the leader skills to improve. The leadership theory deals with three aspects , namely situation, behavior, and traits (Northouse 2013, p. 19). The deeper involvement into the stated above approaches will provide the deeper understanding of the question. The theory, dealing with the trait description, is focused on an individual and the characteristics that are essential for the leader (Northouse 2013, p. 19). The traits usually involve the ones that can be learned, improved, and implemented from theory to practice. It should be pointed out that the leaders usually share the following traits, such as loyalty, motivation, integrity, enterprising spirit, confidence, and desire for learning and gaining knowledge (Bull 2010, p. 54). The enterprising spirit is about the understanding that one should be ambitious for the accomplishment of the goals, seek for development and improvement, and be demanding for the future results. One of the most significant leader traits is loyalty and the ability to admit that some mistakes were made to eliminate them while working f or the project’s improvement. The employees usually reflect the traits of the leader, that is, it is important for the manager to obtain as much leader skills and knowledge as possible. Taking into account the behavioral approach, it should be highlighted that the modern researchers usually determine three categories of the behavioral theory, namely the task performance, group maintenance, and the behavior while the decision-making process (Kerzner 2013, p. 34). The pivotal objective of the task performance is to communicate with the team, to stress the significance of the positive outcome, and focus on the results, quality, and efforts needed for the accomplishment of the discussed aims. The group maintenance behavior is centered on the importance of the working atmosphere, respectful and trustful relationship with every member of the group. As the matter of fact, the condition of the workplace and the overall mood in the organization influences not only the working process but also the outcome of every project. The fact that the employees can participate in the decision-making process can contribute to the feelings of the subordinates that they are valued, respected, and their opinion matters. Such type of the interaction between the leader and the employees is called democratic; whereas when the leader takes the decision on his own and does not consult the workers is believed to be autocratic. It should be pointed out that the ongoing debates concerning the question what style of the leadership is beneficial are still not solved as every approach has drawbacks and strength sides. The essential characteristic of the leader is the ability to adjust skills and knowledge to the different situation. The leader is essential to the success of the project; however, one of the most significant aspects is a team, and that is, teambuilding approach should be not undervalued. The different types of the team aimed to satisfy various needs of the company. It shoul d be stated that the functional team consists of people who perform their tasks on the permanent basis and make the company work stable, whereas the project team functions for the certain time that is needed for the goals accomplishment. People from various functional teams are grouped together for the achievement of the specific aims and will be disbanded when the task is performed. According to Bruce Tuckman, the specialist in the field of the dynamic of the group, every team should go through certain stages of development to be characterized as successful, namely forming, storming, norming, and performing (Johnson 2009, p. 368). While the phase of the forming the group is on the way towards the understanding the goals and objectives of the project, every member of the team works as an independent element. The primary task of the project manager is to direct the team towards the goal accomplishment. The next stage occurs when the team members exchange their ideas of how the workin g process should be improved for the goal accomplishment (Tuckman 2010, p. 342). It should be stressed that during this period the team usually faces some kinds of conflicts and misunderstandings (Schulze, Stade, Netzel 2014, p. 71). The pivotal objective of the project manager is to unite people and get closer to the achievement of the task. The stage of the norming is featured with the understanding of how to achieve the desired outcome, what approaches should be changed and implemented into the working process (Bonebright 2010, p. 115). The work of the team is centered on trustful relationships. Managers should provide the workers with the appropriate guidance and contribute to the success of the teamwork. The performing stage occurs when the team is operating as the united organism and shows high results without the supervision. Every member of the team applies the skills and knowledge to the successful outcome. It is important to understand that the role of the leader during a ll the stages is significant while the whole group and effectiveness of the work depend on the leader and the traits that he obtains. Being a good problem solver and decision maker one can succeed in the teambuilding process as it requires abilities, skills, and knowledge to be able to negotiate stressful situations and eliminate conflicts (Ding Zho 2015, p. 241). Moreover, the positive attitude of the leader towards the working process and every team member will be beneficial not only for the motivational level of the employees but also for the successful performing of the long and short-term goals (Burke Barron 2014, p. 37). The teambuilding techniques and approaches are essential for the project manager to implement into the working process as it will be beneficial for the development of the team and will contribute to the trustful, honest, and loyal relationship whiting the group (Coles 2015, p. 76). Teambuilding is not only about the activities that unite people or evaluation of every participant of the working process; usually, it is about the combination of various techniques, approaches, and tools for the positive outcome. The relationship within the team affects the working process; the team will function best if every member feels comfortable and knows how to operate in the group. Certain agreements and clarifications should take place to ease communication and contribute to the better involvement into the process. Functional teams have already faced challenges and went through all the stages of the team development process (Daspit et al. 2013, p. 53). The newly formed group is changeable, and the project manager should create the rules and objective that everyone should respect and follow. The deeper understanding of how the task should be performed is beneficial for the team. Although, the project manager should direct the effort to unite the individuals, one should pay close attention to the conflict solving process. When everyone works independ ently, there is a possibility that the way the other person views the problem will be contrasting to the other workers, that is, the leader should undertake the needed actions to prevent conflicts and misunderstandings as it affects the working atmosphere. The ability of the leader to solve the conflict during the early stage will be beneficial for the storming stage of the team development process (Williams 2013, p. 306). It should be pointed out that the personality assessments play an important role while forming a team. The maturing and the development of the team is impossible without the events that involve every member. The improvement of trust relationship within the group seems to be crucial for the team effectiveness. When people are engaged with each other outside of the working process, it provides a chance to get to know each other from the unknown side that does not deal with the project (Binder 2012, p. 56). Social events can become a turning point on the way for the team maturing and development. It should be pointed out that the individual or team coaching is an essential element in the project management that deals with the improvement of the communication, collaboration, and negotiation skills (Cobb 2012, p. 175). The successful leader understands the significance of the role of the recognition and rewards in the working process. People will work beyond the limits if they feel respected and see that their work is appreciated and valued. The motivational level of the employees affects the result of the project in a great way. According to the recent researches, the motivated team is more likely to achieve the goals and struggle less on the way towards the accomplishment (Beersma 2010, p. 1115). The project manager should be aware that there are certain differences in the motivation of the individual employee and the project team. The deeper involvement into the issue will allow the leader to choose appropriate theories, methods, and technique s to reach every team member (Arroyo 2010, p. 705). With the beginning of the project, most of the workers are motivated to perform the task successfully. The reason for such strong motivation is that people usually view the new project or job in a very optimistic perspective, and that is, eager to work hard and contribute to the overall good of the company (DeShon 2009, p. 47). The pivotal objective of the leader during this phase is to maintain the motivational level of every team member. One of the best approaches to do that is to keep to the participative leadership style that involves planning and decision making with the team members and celebrating accomplishments. It should be also highlighted that the positive atmosphere is fundamental for the creating of the prolific environment. In conclusion, it should be stressed that the role of the leader seems to be essential and significant for every team, and should not be undervalued, especially when the projects become more globa lized and should be taken under control. It is important to understand that the leadership does not depend on the position, rank, or age, as these factors are not enough for becoming a leader. The leader should obtain the needed skills, knowledge, and characteristics and be able to adjust the gained experience to the practice. The teamwork and the overall success of the project are highly connected to the professionalism of the leader and the way he uses appropriate knowledge and implements techniques and strategies. The motivational factors and the understanding of the team members the purpose of the work, feelings of accomplishment and progress contribute to the successful relationship within the team and influence the positive performing of the tasks. That is, the leader should pay close attention to the methods of the skills and work improvement as they influence not only the working process but also lives of the employees. Reference List Arroyo, A 2010, â€Å"International pro ject management – leadership in complex environments,† International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 705–716. Beersma, B 2010, â€Å"Team confidence, motivated information processing, and dynamic group decision making,† European journal of social psychology, vol. 40, no. 7, pp. 1110–1119. Binder, J 2012, Global project management communication, collaboration and management across borders, Gower Publishing, Aldershot, U. K. Bonebright, D 2010, â€Å" 40 years of storming: a historical review of Tuckman’s model of small group development,† Human Resource Development International, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 111–120. Bull, C 2010, Moving from project management to project leadership a practical guide to leading groups, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. Burke, R Barron, S 2014, Project management leadership: building creative teams, 2nd ed, John Wiley Sons, New York, NY. Cobb, A 2012, Leading project teams: the basi cs of project management and team leadership, 2nd ed, SAGE, Thousand Oaks, CA. Coles, H 2015, Team Building: Simple Team Building Techniques for Your Business, Create Space Independent Publishing Platform, North Charleston, CA. Daspit, J, Tillman, J, Boyd, G Mckee, V 2013, â€Å"Cross†functional team effectiveness,† Team Performance Management Team Performance Management: An International Journal, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 34–56. DeShon, R 2009, â€Å"The motivating potential of teams: Test and extension of cross-level model of motivation in teams,† Organizational behavior and human decision processes, vol. 110, no. 1, pp. 45–55. Ding, R Zho, J 2015, Key project management based on effective project thinking, Springer, New York, NY. Dwivedula, R Bredillet, N 2010, â€Å"Profiling work motivation of project workers,† International Journal of Project Management, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 158–165. Ervin, D 2012, â€Å"Motivations and Barriers to Corporate Environmental Management,† Business Strategy and the Environment, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 390–409. Johnson, A 2009, Health organizations: theory, behavior, and development, Jones Bartlett Learning, Sudbury, MA. Kerzner, H 2013, Project management a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling, 11th ed, John Wiley Sons, New York, NY. Maley, H 2012, Project management concepts, methods, and techniques, CRC Press, Arlington, VA. Northouse, G 2013, Leadership: theory and practice, 6th ed, SAGE Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA. Rose, H 2014, â€Å"Personal Effectiveness in Project Management: Tools, Tips Strategies to Improve your Decision-making, Motivation, Confidence, Risk-taking, Achievement and Sustainability,† Project Management Journal, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 28–46. Saeed, T, Almas, S, Anis-Ul-Haq, M Niazi, G 2014, â€Å"Leadership styles: relationship with conflict management styles,† International Journal of Conflict Managemen t, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 214–225. Schulze, D, Stade, C Netzel, J 2014, â€Å"Conflict and Conflict Management in Innovation Processes in the Life Sciences,† Creativity and Innovation Management, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 57–75. Schunk, D 2012, Motivation and self-regulated learning: theory, research, and applications, Routledge, New York, NY. Sethuraman, K Suresh, J 2014, â€Å"Effective Leadership Styles,† IBR International Business Research, vol. 7, no. 9, pp. 165–172. Shearer, A 2012, â€Å"Management styles and motivation,† Radiology management, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 47–89. Tuckman, B 2010, â€Å"Leadership Teams: Developing and Sustaining High Performance,† Management Decision, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 340–344. Williams, C 2013, Effective management, 6th ed, Cengage Learning, Mason, OH. This report on Project Management, Leadership and Skills: Planning and Control was written and submitted by user Delaney U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Dash Familys Roles

The Dash Familys Roles The Dash Familys Roles The Dash Familys Roles By Mark Nichol The en dash is the oft-neglected middle sibling of the horizontal-line family of symbols that serve to connect words and numbers for various reasons. The em dash (- ) is the dashing member of the brood, used somewhat sparingly to indicate a sudden break in syntax- either to signal a shift in sentence construction, as here, or joining with a twin to frame a parenthetical word or phrase (just as a pair of commas would be used in the midst of a sentence or two parentheses would be employed anywhere). The smallest, the hyphen (-), is the busiest, indicating connections between words, such as when the phrase â€Å"highest scoring† is hyphenated to signal its combined modification of the word that follows in the phrase â€Å"highest-scoring player† or to link two numbers in reference to a score or vote. The en dash (–), however, sometimes steps in to take the place of the hyphen: It is employed when an open compound is part of the phrasal adjective, signaling that the entire compound, not just the last word in the compound, is linked to the next word, as in â€Å"Civil War–era artifacts† (rather than â€Å"Civil War-era† or â€Å"Civil-War-era†) or â€Å"Los Angeles–to–San Francisco flight† (rather than in â€Å"Los Angeles-to-San Francisco flight† or â€Å"Los-Angeles-to-San-Francisco flight†). Note, however, that open compounds need not be proper nouns, as this quip about an advertising agency with a name consisting of a sequence of initials demonstrates: â€Å"This alphabet soup–named firm helps get clients on the gravy train.† If a hyphen were used in place of an en dash here, the reference would (confusingly) be to a soup-named agency of an alphabet nature. (Also, some publishers, presumably for aesthetic reasons, employ en dashes in place of em dashes.) The other major function of an en dash, by the way, is to replace to to indicate a number range, as in â€Å"Answer quiz questions 1–10.† (Remember that because scores are not number ranges, a hyphen is the correct symbol for linking two totals.) In both types of usage, a hyphen is often erroneously employed in place of an en dash (though for the sake of simplicity, some publications, especially newspapers, deliberately avoid use of the en dash). Also, note that although both hyphens and en dashes are employed as minus signs, the minus sign is technically a distinct symbol that in formal publishing is set using a distinct code. In informal usage, an en dash, more equivalent in size to plus and equal signs than a hyphen, is preferable. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Signs and Symbols You Should KnowEmpathy "With" or Empathy "For"?45 Idioms About the Number One

What You Dont Know About Making Decisions Example

What You Dont Know About Making Decisions Example What You Don't Know About Making Decisions – Article Example What You Need to Know About Making Decisions College What You Need to Know About Making Decisions Making decisions is an attempt that many companies and institutions fail in many instances. Many companies collapse when the leaders take on individual approaches that constantly lead them to generating poor results. Leaders in business and organizations perceive decision making the wrong way. The main explanation for this is the fact that they have a tendency of treating decision making as an event of advocacy. This simply implies to decision making in a distinct moment in time. However, the reality is that making decisions is never a short event. On the other hand, it is a progression that develops in days, weeks and months or years of inquiry. Making decision needs enough time of preparedness where a leader takes his or her time to make inquiries about a problem and in the end comes up with the best way out. This should include the application of constructive conflict, consideration a nd closure. These are factors that break down the inquiry process of decision making. With constructive conflict, leaders take their time to involve every member of staff in collaborative discussion/consideration and critical thinking where balanced argument finally helps them come up with influential decision1.In conclusion, decision making requires backing from the rest of the company members. Furthermore, particularly when it comes to executing decisions. This is for the reason that studies show that the number of business leaders who come up with good decisions and those who fail to are outstanding. Leaders who stick to making decisions alone, on impulse and without adequate preparedness often fail to meet their set goals in businesses. On the other hand, leaders who take their ample time to make inquiries, prepare well, engage in collaborative discussions and constructive conflict often make solid decisions that amount to tangible results.BibliographyDavid A. Garvin and Michael A. Roberto (2009) What You Dont Know About Making Decisions (HBR OnPoint Enhanced Edition)

Business-Millennial generations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business-Millennial generations - Essay Example It is also important to note that this generation Y is also coined with the millennial generation because this generation simply refused to connect themselves with their earlier generations and were partly affected by the rise of technology also. (Winograd & Hais, 2008). What significance this generation can hold for a company can provide an important insight into the different attributes and characteristics of a completely new market segment which can be served with greater penetration. This report will discuss some of the most important attributes of the generation millennial for Penrose Media Co willing to penetrate and study this cohort to understand their work behaviors and attributes. Generation Millennial belong to an era which witnessed significant political struggle within US as they not only witnessed cold war but also fierce battles in Iraq war also. Though there are very rough estimates of the actual size of this generation however, some estimates suggest that generation Y comprises of almost sixty million individuals who have relatively more distinguished characteristics than previous generations. The most important strength of this generation is the fact that they are well aware of technology and are using social networking and other technological tools to capitalize on opportunities offered by digital world. It is because of this reason that they are often called digital natives as they are more familiar with the technology and are using it in more commercial manner. (Jayson). They are self assured and optimistic therefore they tend to have more inclination towards academic curiosity and as such more intellectual and socially engaged actions motivate them more as compared to their previous generations. What is also significant is the fact that due to their awareness of the technology they are more connected with each

Conservation Easements Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Conservation Easements - Research Paper Example A conservation easement is a restriction land owners voluntarily put on themselves on specified uses of property to preserve natural, cultural or productive features (Parker). The conservation easement is made official by a legal agreement between the land owner and the ‘holder’ of the easement. A conservation easement usually takes place between individuals, governments or not for profit organizations. It must be noted that the conservation easement does not deprive the owner of legal ownership and grants him the right to determine the type of land uses to continue and those to restrict. The holder of the right is granted the authority to assess the condition of the property to ensure that it is in accordance with terms of the agreement (Merenlender, Huntsinger and Guthey). Conservation easement based acquisition is largely a voluntary method that hinges on private ownership and management of land aimed to meet conservation costs, thus avoiding high financial cost and p olitical difficulties associated with public acquisition and management. (Merenlender, Huntsinger and Guthey). These agreements are usually perpetual and the financial incentives associated with such agreements depend on the compliance with terms of agreements. Land Trusts: - Land trusts are local, regional or national nonprofit organizations that work to preserve the land for its natural, agricultural, historical, scientific or leisure value. These trusts work with land owners to verify the easement agreement and finalize the financial benefits due to the owner. Once agreed, they monitor and assess the property and ensure that the terms of the agreement are abided by. Legal action can be initiated by the trust if violations are observed on the part of the owner. It is essential for the land owner to select an organization that has the financial capacity to handle long term responsibilities. Goal and Importance of Conservation Easements: - Conservation easement is a unique tool that enables land owners to conserve their property for natural, productive or cultural features along with tax benefits in case of voluntary payments. In a vastly changing economy and economic uncertainty, land owners are allowed to preserve their real estate to pass it to their children without bearing the burden of taxes and other costs (Parker). Conservation easements are usually donated to nonprofit organizations who work for the better of the society hence individuals can not only preserve their belongings but also serve their society well. It is important to note that conservation easements allow the owner to control access to his property. This is essential considering that the agreements are often misinterpreted as submission of power. The owner can bring in anyone he wants to the specific property under agreement. The primary purpose of such agreements is to preserve specific land from certain forms of use or development in order to preserve it for a greater purpose. It is imp ortant that such agreements thrive in order to ensure the sustainability of the environment. Conservation easements have met significant approval from the public due to the previously prevalent federal regulations. However, these agreements are customized and it is difficult to gauge the success of these agreements. All agreements are designed specifically and serve as a pact between landowners and land trusts rather than the environment; therefore, there is always room for manipulation or noncompliance with the essence of environmental protection and conservation. History and Use of Conservation Easements: - From the early 19th century, the United States laws of land preservation have been dictated by the federal government; the central approach has been land

My personal experiences Essay Example for Free

My personal experiences Essay I believe that all my personal experiences and academic accomplishments are the stepping stone to realize my potentials and my career objectives. To be admitted in the Asian Institute of Technology School of Management Thailand is a huge step towards achieving these objective and attaining career and self development. I will surely grow academically and professionally once I obtain a Master’s Degree in Business Administration. I took up Electronics and Communication Engineering from the National College of Engineering. I was an above average student back then and I always took risks by assuming completing responsibility and performing the assigned duties well. Although it is a highly technical course, my optimism has also allowed me to take struggles and problems as challenges. After graduation, I was enticed to establish a career using my knowledge in electronics engineering. I was able to render services to Indias technological companies for four years specializing in Telecom Testing domain. I also worked for Wipro Technologies on Nortel CS1K product. I also worked for India’s major Telecom service providers like BHARTI (AIRTEL) and VSNL. Because my academic background and work experiences are highly technical, I want to combine it with a business management course for career and individual growth. By completing the MBA program offered by AIT-SOM, I will feel more competent and confident to serve my country and any company in the future. I wish to study more about business management because I believe that it will aid me to become more successful not only as a technology expert but as a business savvy professional as well. Furthering my knowledge in business combined with technology is one of my goals. I also wanted to apply for the university’s Financial Aid Scholarship Program. I am in dire need of financial assistance and I know that I can repay this scholarship by being an outstanding student of this university. I believe that through the school’s financial assistance program, my burden will be lessened since I am supporting my family. My homeland is a developing country and I firmly believe that through this course and by applying the skills that I will acquire through this institution, I can help my country in its progress. I am looking forward to serving the nation by applying the management knowledge and skills that I will gain after completing my MBA at AIT-SOM. I know that an MBA from AIT-SOM will help me acquire knowledge that is beyond my imagination. The things I will learn will surely contribute to my advancement in the field of business and provide me more career opportunities in the future. I am confident that AIT-SOM has the capability of making students stretch beyond the conventional business degree. I also believe that this university will make my ambitions more attainable since I will get my degree with the help of the Financial Aid program. I am positive that I am fit to become a part of a university that only accepts the finest, the best and the most responsible students. I know that this university will really make my dream a reality.

Point of View in Eudora Welty’s A Visit of Charity Essay -- Visit Char

Point of View in Eudora Welty’s A Visit of Charity   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Every now and then point of view is worth writing about, because only every now and then is point of view actually seriously considered. In Eudora Welty’s â€Å"A Visit of Charity,† the third-person limited point of view of the little girl, Marian—her self-consciousness, descriptions, and fear—exactly portray what a little girl might experience in a nursing home.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To Marian, this is probably the first time in a nursing home. She is there simply because she wants to gain points; when asked who she would like to visit, Marian simply states, â€Å"any of them will do.† She brought flowers simply because they added a point, and hid her apple outside rather than have it accidentally considered to be a gift. Marian is a very self-conscious girl; she is deftly aware of all the point values associated with the visit and is wearing the same cap that â€Å"all the little girls were wearing that year.† While actually visiting the ladies, she is very afraid, as a young girl might be in a strange place, but is still mindful of her own affairs ...

Stolpestad by William Lychack

Lychack, published in 2008, is about a policeman who gets called out at the end of his shift, to help a 9 year old boy with his suffering dog. Stolpestad is the main character in the story and the protagonist. He is not at all captivated by the task at hand, which I believe to be the antagonist of the story, but follows his orders and heads out to accomplish this odd task and shoots the dog.In the end he is confronted by the young boy and his father for not actually killing the dog. We are first greeted with a very explicit description of the day itself. â€Å"Sun never breaking through the clouds, clouds never breaking into rain – the odometer like a clock ticking all these bored little pent-up streets and mills and tenants away. † (Page 1, line 2-4) This description suggests that it is always like this, the town never changing, never moving on, constant and a duplicate of the day before, Just as the life of Stolpestad.Every street, every shop and home the same as they were in his childhood memories. He has always lived here, but his portrayal of he town bares little enthusiasm or fondness, almost suggesting a negative outlook on his life. The ambience of the setting continues on the same dull note, when the area in which the dog is located is presented. â€Å".. the grass and scrub weeds, the sumac, the old tires, empty bottles, paint cans, rusted car axel, refrigerator door.

Notes for exam question Essay

Chapter 1: social scientist have argued that issues of inequality, poverty and social exclusion cut across both social welfare and crime control domains, and noted that while some responses to these issues may become the focus of social welfare policies, others may become the focus of crime control interventions. Social justice then is neither the exclusive terrain of social welfare nor of crime control. The boundaries between these two domains tend to be mobile and porous. This idea was introduced by arguing that the neat distinction between the goals of social welfare (well being) and the goals of crime control (maintaining social order) break down on closer inspection. Chapter 1 section 4: crime control measures impact adversely on social welfare and produce justice struggles. State withdrawal from the direct provision of welfare services is accompanied by greater attention to antisocial behaviour of younger and poorer groups in society. Social welfare is oriented towards the creation and maintenance of social well-being through the provision of various social supports combating social inequalities by promoting redistribution and social inclusion and countering various social harms such as poverty and discrimination. The domain of crime control is more oriented towards the creation and maintenance of social stability, social order and security by addressing behaviours and activities of those who are perceived to threaten these in some way. Crime control and social welfare policies, there are many examples of entanglement between them. For example, countering antisocial behaviour may be defined as a social welfare matter in that it protects the welfare and well being of some against the disruptions caused by others. This example also raises wider social welfare questions, I.e how can societies support young people and others so that they do not conduct themselves in ways that are viewed as antisocial? The relationship between social welfare and crime control is dynamic meaning it is likely to change over time, and it is contested. Another example of how social welfare and crime control is entangled: protecting children from abuse- a role taken on by both police and social workers, acting in partnership but with rather blurred boundaries between the welfare and crime control functions. The entanglements between welfare and crime control take many different forms. Welfare states in its traditional form is considered by many commentators across the political spectrum to be in need of reform. Social scientists focus on creating social inclusion rather than on providing welfare Ideas about an underclass of marginalised individuals – often black Afro caribbean or Hispanic – have informed policies on crime preventions and crime control in countries such as the USA. Many studies are handing over more responsibility for tackling crime and antisocial behaviour to local communities, who in turn address crime prevention through a mix of welfare and control strategies. As environmental issues become more important in ensuring security and well-being, so attention is turning to new kinds of harm – harms perpetrated not by those traditionally defined as problem populations, often on the margins of society but by the rich and powerful who perpetuate environmental and other kinds of crime. Many struggles for social justice, produced laws that have to be enforced through the institutions of criminal justice. On the other hand, some criminal justice measures including many of those now associated with anti terrorist measures are viewed as producing harms such as internment or the loss of rights for certain population groups. Chapter 1 section 3&6: dissent and protest against social injustice may be the subject or criminalising responses. The darling study for the Joseph row tree foundation shows an increasing inequality of wealth in the uk in the late 20th century when income inequalities grew rapidly. It also shows a greater degree of spatial segregation of wealth and poverty, with local areas increasingly dominated by wealthy or poor residents and a decline in social mixing. Poverty concentrates attention on one segment of society: those living below a certain level of income, or below a certain level of resources. Many studies of poverty tend to focus attention on poor people rather than the wider social structures which generate and reproduce poverty. In the process, then, such studies divert attention from the relationship between wealth and poverty, and the ways in which richer and more powerful groups manage to increase their wealth and hold on to it at the expense of poorer and less powerful groups. Much social investigation into poverty has in practice involved looking at the poorest people to see what was wrong with them, and is based on the assumption that there must be something about them that makes them different from us. In the 19th century, investigators went like intrepid explorers – into the neighbourhoods where the poor lived in order to examine their habits, their ways of life, their culture and most frequently their character. The poor were associated with a range of social dangers from illness, through crime and vice, to the threat of socialism. This emphasis on statistical investigation has had a profound influence on the subsequent development of social research in the uk and how we come to know about and understand the social world. But the investigation and observation of the character and habits of the poor has also had enduring consequences, reflecting a persistent belief that the cause of poverty could be discovered there. 19th century investigations into moral failings of the poor merged into20th century concerns with their dysfunctional family life or their culture of poverty. The idea of a culture of poverty had mutated into a culture of dependency. All of these terms expressed the idea that poor people had habits, attitudes and ways of life that has passed poverty on across generations. Chapter 2 section 2: welfare states are involved in the maintenance of social order and stability by naturalising and normalising social inequalities Chapter 2 sections 2,3&4: welfare states prescribe certain ideas of behaviour. These may stigmatise certain categories of people – in booths study, the poor; and in the 21st century, those who are not gainfully employed or who do not comply with norms of active citizenship. Welfare states also police adherence to norms of good conduct and may punish those who deviate from them. Punishments may range from measures such as the withdrawal of benefits and services to actual criminalisation. Chapter 3 section 3: care – whether provided informally or through welfare states – can involve the abuse, neglect and exploitation of vulnerable people. Some abuses are subject to criminal prosecution. Chapter 3 section 4: treaties, conventions, laws and workers rights are often ineffective in regulating safety and ensuring freedom from harm in the workplace. Trade unions have attempted to limit workplace harms by pursuing rights and legal safeguards, but there power has been weakened. In attempt to avoid legislative action, some companies are now developing voluntary codes of conduct based on the idea of social responsibility. Chapter 4 section 2: problem populations, in problem places – such as the black population of new Orleans – tend to be stigmatised, viewed as a source of harm, crime and social disorder Chapter 4 section 3: some of the case studies show how welfare policies that sought to solve housing problems in the past have had damaging consequences, leading to punitive and criminalising policies in the present. Chapter 5 section 2: global slums are sites of concerns about crime and disorder. They are also sites of emerging understanding about how slums can be a source of progress and development through self help Chapter 5 section 4: transnational institutions concerns with regulating environmental crimes are contrasted with restorative self regulatory and participatory models of development.

History of the Olympics - Creating the Modern Games

History of the Olympics - Creating the Modern Games According to legend, the ancient Olympic Games were founded by Heracles (the Roman Hercules), a son of Zeus. Yet the first Olympic Games for which we still have written records were held in 776 BCE (though it is generally believed that the Games had been going on for many years already). At this Olympic Games, a naked runner, Coroebus (a cook from Elis), won the sole event at the Olympics, the stade - a run of approximately 192 meters (210 yards). This made Coroebus the very first Olympic champion in history. The ancient Olympic Games grew and continued to be played every four years for nearly 1200 years. In 393 CE, the Roman emperor Theodosius I, a Christian, abolished the Games because of their pagan influences. Pierre de Coubertin Proposes New Olympic Games Approximately 1500 years later, a young Frenchmen named Pierre de Coubertin began their revival. Coubertin is now known as le Rà ©novateur. Coubertin was a French aristocrat born on January 1, 1863. He was only seven years old when France was overrun by the Germans during the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. Some believe that Coubertin attributed the defeat of France not to its military skills but rather to the French soldiers lack of vigor.* After examining the education of the German, British, and American children, Coubertin decided that it was exercise, more specifically sports, that made a well-rounded and vigorous person. Coubertins attempt to get France interested in sports was not met with enthusiasm. Still, Coubertin persisted. In 1890, he organized and founded a sports organization, Union des Socià ©tà ©s Francaises de Sports Athlà ©tiques (USFSA). Two years later, Coubertin first pitched his idea to revive the Olympic Games. At a meeting of the Union des Sports Athlà ©tiques in Paris on November 25, 1892, Coubertin stated, Let us export our oarsmen, our runners, our fencers into other lands. That is the true Free Trade of the future; and the day it is introduced into Europe the cause of Peace will have received a new and strong ally. It inspires me to touch upon another step I now propose and in it I shall ask that the help you have given me hitherto you will extend again, so that together we may attempt to realise [sic], upon a basis suitable to the conditions of our modern life, the splendid and beneficent task of reviving the Olympic Games.** His speech did not inspire action. The Modern Olympic Games Are Founded Though Coubertin was not the first to propose the revival of the Olympic Games, he was certainly the most well-connected and persistent of those to do so. Two years later, Coubertin organized a meeting with 79 delegates who represented nine countries. He gathered these delegates in an auditorium that was decorated by neoclassical murals and similar additional points of ambiance. At this meeting, Coubertin eloquently spoke of the revival of the Olympic Games. This time, Coubertin aroused interest. The delegates at the conference voted unanimously for the Olympic Games. The delegates also decided to have Coubertin construct an international committee to organize the Games. This committee became the International Olympic Committee (IOC; Comità © Internationale Olympique) and Demetrious Vikelas from Greece was selected to be its first president. Athens was chosen as the location for the revival of the Olympic Games and the planning was begun. Bibliography * Allen Guttmann, The Olympics: A History of the Modern Games (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1992) 8.** Pierre de Coubertin as quoted in Olympic Games, Britannica.com (Retrieved August 10, 2000, from britannica.com/bcom/eb/article/2/0,5716,1150221108519,00.htmlDurant, John. Highlights of the Olympics: From Ancient Times to the Present. New York: Hastings House Publishers, 1973.Guttmann, Allen. The Olympics: A History of the Modern Games. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1992.Henry, Bill. An Approved History of the Olympic Games. New York: G. P. Putnams Sons, 1948.Messinesi, Xenophon L. A Branch of Wild Olive. New York: Exposition Press, 1973.Olympic Games. Britannica.com. Retrieved August 10, 2000 from the World Wide Web. britannica.com/bcom/eb/article/2/0,5716,1150221108519,00.htmlPitt, Leonard and Dale Pitt. Los Angeles A to Z: An Encyclopedia of the City and Country. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1997.

Spanish Possessive Pronouns

Spanish Possessive Pronouns If youve learned the long form of the possessive adjectives, you already know the possessive pronouns of Spanish. In fact, some grammarians classify the long-form possessive adjectives as pronouns, even though they are used to describe nouns. What Are Possessive Pronouns? Possessive pronouns are the equivalent of the English pronouns mine, yours, his, hers, theirs and its, but they arent used in exactly the same way in Spanish as they are in English. As the name suggests, possessive pronouns are used in the place of nouns rather than to describe nouns as adjectives do. Here are the possessive pronouns of Spanish with simple examples of their use: mà ­o, mà ­a, mà ­os, mà ­as - mine Tu madre y la mà ­a no pueden cantar. (Your mother and mine cant sing.)No me gustan los coches rojos. El mà ­o es verde. (I dont like red cars. Mine is green.)Cuido de tus mascotas como si fueran las mà ­as. (I take care of your pets as if there were mine.) tuyo, tuya, tuyos, tuyas - yours (singular informal) Este libro no es mà ­o. Es tuyo. (This book isnt mine. Its yours.) ¿Dà ³nde est mi mochila? La tuya est aquà ­. (Where is my backpack? Yours is here.) suyo, suya, suyos, suyas - his, hers, yours (singular formal or plural formal), its, theirs Mis calcetines son rojos. Los suyos son negros. (My socks are red. His/hers/yours/theirs are black.)Amo a mi esposa. Él no ama a la suya. (I love my wife. He doesnt love his.) nuestro, nuestra, nuestros, nuestras - ours Este coche es nuestro. (This car is ours.) ¿Te gusta tu casa? No me gusta la nuestra. (Do you like your house? I dont like ours.) vuestro, vuestra, vuestros, vuestras - yours (plural informal; infrequently used in  Latin America) Nuestra casa es muy vieja.  ¿Y la vuestra? (Our house is very old. And yours?)No me gustan los coches de vuestros competidores. Prefiero los vuestros. (I dont like your competitors cars. I prefer yours.) As you can see from the examples, possessive pronouns must match the noun they represent in both number and gender, just as do the long-form possessive adjectives. They do not necessarily match the number or gender of the person or thing that has possession. Spanish Possessive Pronouns The possessive pronouns of Spanish take the same form as the long form of the possessive adjectives, namely mà ­o, tuyo, suyo, nuestro, and vuestro along with their plural and feminine counterparts.Except when followed by forms of ser, a verb meaning to be, the possessive pronouns are preceded by el, la, lo, los, or las.  Because  suyo is ambiguous, it is sometimes replaced by phrases such as de à ©l or de ellas. Definite Articles With Possessive Pronouns Note that unlike the equivalent pronouns in English, the Spanish possessive pronouns are usually preceded by a definite article (el, la, los or las), the equivalent of the. The article is usually dispensed with when the possessive pronoun follows a form of the verb ser, such as son or es, as in the examples, although it is sometimes retained for emphasis. Ambiguous Suyo Suyo and the related forms can be ambiguous since they can mean his, hers, yours, theirs, or its. When context doesnt make its meaning clear, the possessive pronoun can be omitted and replaced by a prepositional phrase such as de à ©l (instead of his) or de ellos (instead of theirs). Examples: No es mi coche. Es de ella. (Its not my car. Its hers.) ¿Dà ³nde estn mis zapatos? Los de à ©l estn aquà ­. (Where are my shoes? His are here.)En nuestras listas hay luchadores; en las de ellos, cobardes. (On our lists there are fighters; on theirs, cowards.) Note that you wouldnt normally use the de object pronoun to refer to those that arent included in the meaning of su. So, for example, you wouldnt normally substitute de mà ­ for mà ­o. Using the Possessive Neuter Form The single, masculine form of the pronouns can also be treated as neuter and thus be preceded by the definite article lo. Even though singular, the pronoun can stand for more than one object. The neuter form is used when no specific object is being referred to. Examples: No toques lo mà ­o. (Dont touch what is mine. Dont touch my things.)Lo mà ­o es importante. (What is mine is important. My things are important.)Es intolerable que nuestro là ­deres no defiendan lo nuestro. (It is intolerable that our leaders dont defend what is ours. It is intolerable that our leaders dont defend our traditions.)

Effective Cancer Symptoms Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Effective Cancer Symptoms Management - Essay Example Additionally, the change in symptom management programs applies the use of technology to detect and to deal with breast cancer symptoms. Apart from technology, specialization is also applied in the novel symptoms management programs. Pain, anxiety and fatigue are the common challenges faced by cancer patients. For their urge to get relief, patients seek alternative modes of therapies apart from their normal medical procedures. These numbers of patients make to about 90% of all cancer patients (Jemal, et al., 2008). This is a clear indication that a comprehensive cancer symptom management programs need to be established. One of the most important symptom management changes is the art therapy. The art therapy is not only for patients and their families, but also the general public. This is simply a clinical intervention of therapy which creates awareness about cancer. Additionally, it creates the belief that art nourishes ones health and strengthens ones life. Mainly, art therapy deals with the creation of awareness and expression of patients’ deepest emotions (Shaw, 2011). In the case of breast cancer, an expression of an individual emotion is very important. Breast cancer can be demoralizing and the best way to create the feeling of self appreciation is by expressing one’s feelings. ... He is transferred to an urban medical centre for a period of four months. The patient should be above the age of eighteen, communicate in English and have the ability to have an hour session on art therapy. The following breast cancer symptoms are studied during art therapy: pain, tiredness, nausea, depression, anxiety, drowsiness, lack of appetite and shortage of breath. Two instruments are used in the art therapy: the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS) and the State Trait Anxiety Index (STAIS-S). These two instruments are used in the study and analysis of the breast cancer symptoms. The ESAS is an instrument which is used in the symptom assessment of palliative care. The measurement is done on a numerical scale which runs from 0-10. The patient under study picks the number which he feels is the level of improvement in the giving of palliative care. Zero stands for the worst and ten for the best level. The STAI-S is used mainly in measurement of anxiety in adults. It gives the determination on whether the anxiety is long term or conditional. Apart from the two instruments, the patient is asked three open ended questions which give a more proper outlook of the therapy. The questions in this case include; would you undertake art therapy again if given the opportunity? , did you experience any change caused by the art therapy and did you find art therapy comfortable? The art therapist would then take on the patients through the necessary steps. The art therapist should be licensed by the government. The therapist acts as a helper to the patient. He also picks the media the patient is exposed to. Additionally, he drafts the course of the program. Patients take part in activities such as drawing and

The Problem-Solution Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Problem-Solution Speech - Essay Example It is true that beauty lies in the eyes of the beholder but then again beauty is also dependent heavily on the person who is being looked at – as to how he or she presents his or her own self towards the appreciating individual (Author Unknown, 2011). Beauty surely is skin deep as the world has come to this notion after much thought and consideration. The problem here is how beauty has gained so much significance that it is seen as the most aspired characteristic of the personality that one talks about (Czarniawska, 2011). The problem thus seems to bother the best of us, and even you and me, which is nothing but a quagmire for all and sundry. Similarly, facial looks and sexiness of the body does not actually count towards what we know as beauty. My dear ladies and gentlemen I need to tell you that beauty is more within than being outside. It is comprised of thinking ideologies than facial cuts and dimples. This is indeed true because beauty within any person is difficult to judge since it is hidden deep down inside. I believe that beauty could be judged by this person’s actions, behaviors and talks (Holbrook, 2005). He or she could be written off as an ugly person if he or she does not know how to talk to people, how to interact with them and how to be considerate towards their issues. The solution is that beauty is just present because the beholder believes it so. There would be no beauty if he knows that the face of the body cuts are for a certain period of time, and would vanish away quickly. Ladies and gentlemen, I would like to suggest that beauty must not be looked inside people with an exterior eye alone. It needs to be based on past events, present understanding of matters and how things would shape up within the future. Beauty comprises of all these tangents to be called as beauty in essence (Anastasia, 2010). I would like to end my speech by making a point here. Beauty of face and body could vanish with

Fashion Taste and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Fashion Taste and Ethics - Essay Example Each of the class has its own taste for the basic and secondary needs aspect that is commonly used by marketers as they launch new products in the market. In their efforts to emulate new consumption habits, members of the middle class as well as those at the lower social class imitate the taste of the upper calls members. This paper evaluates the relationship that exists between taste and class, one of the major aspects of identity. Class Social class entails the set of concepts that are adopted by social scientists to group individuals with similar consumption habits and taste into various categories. Being a vital analysis tool for the political scientists and sociologists, social class enables firms and governments to provide amenities and goods that are not only aimed at improving the living standard of individuals but also to improve economic performance of a country. According to Marxist theory, class involves the combination of subjective and objective factors. While the subjective individuals possess some perception of common interests and similarity among themselves, objectively members of the same class share common relationship to the factors used in the production of goods and services (Arsel and Jonathan, 2013). This implies that in most cases, the subjective factors play a key role in ensuring that members of a similar has have a similar taste towards a particular products. On his part, Max Weber, a reno wned sociologist formulated a major theory of stratification that depicted political power as a connection between class, status and group power. According to Weber, education and skills possessed by a person highly determines the class portion of an individual as compared to their relationship with the factors of production. Upper class Upper class is made up of the well-born or wealthy individuals. In most societies, the condition to enter upper class is being wealth. In others, individuals born in particular aristocratic bloodlines are taken to be the member of the upper class. As a result of the passing of the wealth from one generation to another within the upper class, their demand for luxuries and other expensive products remains constant. Some of the major factors that have resulted to high demand for expensive commodities by the members of the upper class include high generation of revenue from lands and rents among other sources of wealth. Even though the members of the up per class are not many especially for the developing countries, their implication on the aggregate demand for consumer products is significant in the growth for any economy. Middle class Middle class involves the group of people who fall between the upper and the lower classes. It covers the white collar employees who earn a significant income to cover their household needs. To ensure that their status is improved, individuals within the middle class have highly demand education and technologies the major aspects that enables them to enter the upper class. As compared to the upper class, members of the middle class have a lower taste for the luxurious products since their aim it to improve their economic status. In this regard, they look for employment opportunities that will expand their incomes and allow them to pursue further education thus enhancing their skills. One of the significant aspects of the middle cl

Holiday and Comfort Zone Essay Example for Free

Holiday and Comfort Zone Essay The scorching hot sun was beating down on my bare pale skin, the warm light breeze gently brushed through my blonde hair and the cool, shimmery, turquoise water soothed my skin. The smell of coconuts and pina coladas whirled in from the snack bar and the fresh salty air made my whole body calm and relaxed. This is just how the vacation of my lifetime would start and It would soon be my favorite place in the world to visit. My vacation in Mexico brought many exciting adventures and new experiences that brought a positive insight in me as it made me break out of my comfort zone, made me want to travel the world more often, and also to get involved and make a difference in the world. As I glanced out the window on the bus ride to the resort, I couldn’t help but stare at the beautiful scenery that was surrounded all around me. I was ecstatic because I was looking at the most alluring scenery I have ever seen in my life and I knew at this moment I never wanted to go back home. In the whistling wind, the palm trees swayed side to side while brushing against each other and slightly hitting my window. I heard a screeching, loud noise from the brakes and then I finally realized we had arrived at our final destination. As I stepped off the bus, I could smell the salty, clean and fresh air right away and an empty but warm breeze blew against my face. â€Å"Taylor wait for us! We don’t want you to get lost! † My family yelled as I had already started running over to the lobby in excitement. When we got assigned our room we walked around the resort and that’s when it all had hit me. With my mouth wide open, all I could say was, â€Å"this place is absolutely breathtaking. † As we went around to the back, there were 4 fairly large pools on both sides of me, and chairs directly around each of the pools. In the blink of an eye I noticed the beach up ahead of me and I have never seen something more beautiful, serene and relaxing. The sinking feeling as my feet step into the fine, white sand as it started to burn the soles of my feet, I dragged myself over to the shoreline and stepped into the water while it soothed my feet. The beach was a scorching furnace, as I felt it slowly burn my body and my face and the sweat on me was a river running down my forehead. As the day ended, I lay myself in my bed and my thoughts were consumed by all of the stunning scenery that I had witnessed that day in this beautiful and enchanting location and I started to think about it more and more and it made me realize that when I’m older I want to travel the world and witness all the different locations and the beautiful scenery they have to offer and learn about different cultures. I woke up the next morning and jumped out of my bed as I was thrilled to start off the day with a bunch of fun and adventurous activities that I’ve never experienced before. â€Å"Taylor, would you like to swim with the dolphins today and go zip lining? † my mom said as my eyes were wide open and had the biggest smile on my face, I couldn’t help but scream â€Å"YES! †. As we got our stuff packed and soothed the sunscreen all over our body, we were set to go. The water was splashing against our legs and the warm breeze whistled through our hair and the smell of the salty clean air overhead as we walked over to the hut where I would soon experience one of my most memorable moments. As we got into the water, Melanie the dolphin came gliding across the water as we all lined up and pet her. The best part of this whole experience was getting a ride on the dolphin while I held onto her fins and she glided across the whole water.. Dolphins are definitely the most graceful and intelligent sea creatures and the way they interacted and understood us was absolutely outstanding. Also, it was really interesting and heartbreaking learning about the dolphins and how not many of them are surviving because they are being slaughtered and they are dying from toxic exposure. As a result, the dolphins made a huge impact on my life because once I heard what was happening to the dolphins it touched deep into my heart and made me want to make a difference in the world and stop the cruelness of people slaughtering and taking advantage of them. Afterwards, we went over to the zip lining and I couldn’t help but have that stomach drop feeling as we got there. I was standing at the very top and almost ready to go and my fear of heights was almost sickening me out but I knew I had to experience this. My feet lifted off of the platform and I felt pretty comfortable as I felt like I was a superhero for a couple of minutes. I was soaring over the stunning beach and the palm trees just below me and all I could say in my head was, â€Å"this view is just outstanding† and I wish I could stay in that moment forever. For the most part, today I took a leap of faith out of my comfort zone as there was a huge adrenaline rush in me as I was about to soar really high, but being able to experience this made me want to go out and try new things that I could eventually overcome my fear of because life begins just beyond your comfort zone. A day to remember, I will never forget these astonishing experiences that I spent with the lovely dolphins and zip lining over the most gorgeous view. The climate in Mexico made it the best part because without it I wouldn’t have enjoyed the memorable and adventurous activities that I will cherish forever. Since we were in Mexico in February it was sunny almost every day and when it did rain it would only rain for a short period of time during the day. Since it was hot and sunny most of the time, we got a much better experience with the friendly dolphins, zip lining over a tremendous view and other adventurous activities that we will never forget. Also, with this weather I got a golden brown tan from the beaming rays of the sun. However, some days the humidity was really high and it felt as humid as a steam room, as the moist heat stuck to my body. By the middle of the day temperatures can reach up to about 40 degrees, where the sun is just scorching on my body. Without the beautiful weather, my experiences and memorable moments wouldn’t be enjoyed as much and I got a nice golden brown tan. Also with this being said, the bright, warm and sunny summer days encouraged me to think about traveling to a numerous of warm climate places and also experience other vacations where the climate is different. Early in the morning, we exhaustingly started to pack our bags and head off to the airport and as soon as I got on the plane my mind was filled with reflections from my unforgettable vacation. My vacation in Mexico brought many exciting adventures and new experiences that brought a positive insight in me as it made me break out of my comfort zone, made me want to travel the world more often, and also to get involved and make a difference in the world. The lovely scenery made me want to stay in this gorgeous place forever, experiencing new activities in a different location made for a lot of memorable moments that I’ll remember forever, and without the comfortable climate I wouldn’t have enjoyed the trip as much as I did.

Freeganism: An Eco-friendliness Way of Living Essay -- Culture SubCul

The world is inhabited by numerous cultures consisting of different lifestyles. Freeganism is a subculture that is ordinarily unheard of. The characteristics are impressively diverse from those most would associate with everyday life. The capitalistic culture incorporates commodified food, organized structure, ‘hygienically clean’, easier accessible foods, and more individualization. On the other hand, a freegan culture is comprised of free food, a less organized structure, ‘dirty’ foods with a chance of being raw or rotten, slower food and lifestyle, and is more socially connected (Edwards and Mercer). Those living this standard of life are scavengers of the developed world, living off consumer waste in an effort to minimize their support of corporations and their impact on the planet. Grace Hutchins, a passionate supporter of this form of life, depicts it as dumpster diving to use resources that would go to waste, voluntary work that includes sharing huma n resources, such as time and skills, and finding ways to limit consumption and materialism in our own lives and those of others. A variety of reasons people choose to participate in the freegan lifestyle are more diverse than one would think. Uninformed bystanders may initially imagine the homeless scavenging bins to survive, but many members of the subculture dumpster dive with economic, political and environmental condition in mind. The primary purpose for most is to positively impact the environment by minimizing the amount of wasted food (Kurutz 3). By some, this act could be viewed as a symbolic, political act against capitalist overproduction and waste. Acquiring food from dumpsters can be for both individual consumption and the benefit of the surrounding community.... ...pollute the Earth with massive waste. Society has the choice between wasting life on working in order to purchase good which contribute to the destruction of the environment or living a ‘full satisfying life’, occasionally scavenging or working your self-sufficiency skills to obtain the necessities for contentment, eliminating waste, and boycotting everything. Works Cited Edwards, Ferne, and David Mercer. "Gleaning from Gluttony: An Australian Youth Subculture Confronts the Ethics of Waste." Australian Geographer Nov. 2007: 279-82. Academic Search Premier. Web. 12 Nov. 2010. Einem, Eric. Personal interview. 19 Nov. . Hutchins, Grace. Personal interview. 21 Nov. . Kurutz, Steven. "Not Buying It." The New York Times 27 June 2009: 1-4. Web. 13 Nov. 2010. Thomas, Sean. "Do Freegans Commit Theft?" Legal Studies 30.1 (2010). Web. 13 Nov. 2010.

Donna Tartt’s The Secret History Essay

Nietzsche’s philosophy has made for itself a unique cornerstone in the sense that it is not involved with pedantic aspects of ethics and other branches of epistemology. This seminal German thinker moves swiftly along majority of philosophical schools of thought. His exploration of the classical elements in literature, as found in the ancient Hellenic society, is manifested beautifully in Birth of Tragedy. The longstanding debate between the subjectivity and the objectivity of art is addressed to critically by Nietzsche in this book. The basic idea he propagates in Birth of Tragedy involves reality with forms and the same without, and the comparison therein. Known as the Dionysian and the Apollonian, this classical Greek model sums up humankind’s perpetual struggle to arrive at a state of equilibrium. Nietzsche argues that in our effort to pursue a meaningful existence, we need to discard the preposterous viewpoints of the Apollonian and have to embrace the Dionysian. Similar thoughts are expressed in Hermann Hesse’s illustrious work Steppenwolf which thematically deals with the Nietzschean Apollonian versus the Dionysian. The protagonist Haller is psychologically preoccupied with two contrasting facets of personality – the sensible and logical faculty of mind as opposed to the passionate and appetitive. Nietzsche assigns the terms ‘Apollonian’ and ‘Dionysian’ to these two primal worldviews of Greek tragedy. This essay is going to make a comparative study between the Apollonian and the Dionysian with reference to modern literature. To make the comparison, we have chosen Donna Tartt’s The Secret History, one of the originative post-modern fictions from the fatalistic school of literary works. In many ways, this novel echoes the Athenian concept of fate as being an overpowering element responsible for altering the desirable course of events. Idiosyncrasy is the key conceptual component in Nietzsche’s ethical doctrines. Time and again, he questions the acceptability of the prevalent trends that outline the social norms and fashions. What is far less understood in a generic attempt manifests itself intelligibly when associated with a context. â€Å"Nietzsche does not present us with a systematic theory of knowledge. Any attempt to construct one on the basis of his scattered remarks, aphorisms, poetry, and myth would be a difficult, if not impossible, task. It would, above all, be contrary to the intention of his thought and lead to a distortion of his views. Nietzsche, as Walter Kaufmann rightly asserts, is not a system builder, but a problem thinker. † (Pfeffer, p. 95-96) Now in the context of the ancient Greek anthology, both the Apollonian and the Dionysian worldviews were present, resulting in a clash of ideologies. Nietzsche borrows these two terms from the two Greek gods Apollo and Dionysus. The former symbolically represents clarity of form and interpretation, and therefore is suggestive of a linear human personality. Dionysus, on the other hand, stands for frolic and extravagance, hinting at the presence of multiple personalities within a single entity. On one hand he is the god of chaos and unrestrained emotions. But at the same time, he is also the divine countenance of richness and productivity. Hence the Dionysian school of thought deals with formlessness of expression which is closer to art perceived from an unbiased and liberal standpoint. Greek tragedy in its heydays attained sublimity when the two distinctive art forms merged with one another to form a seamless continuum. The beginning of Athenian tragedy was hinged on the Dionysian tradition before the other one sprang up, neutralizing the discordant elements. In a way, fluidity of the Dionysian elements seek platitude through the Apollonian directness. It was a matter of great curiosity for Nietzsche that such contrasting ideologies should ever be able to define tragedy (Pfeffer, p. 32). The flowing nature of Greek opera is worth mentioning in the context of the Dionysian. Music to a great extent is governed by the freedom of form and expression. Normative aspects of the Apollonian do not comply with the ecstatic jubilance conveyed through music. It evokes directly to man’s impulsive and spontaneous nature and hence, is not limited to the external forces of reason and dependence. The ingrained harmony in music is therefore counterbalanced by the Apollonian concept of plastic arts and epic poetry. What makes Greek tragedy a culmination of the Apollonian and the Dionysian is that the poetic genre characterized by reasoning can actually strike a harmonious chord and reach a level of elevated intensity as well as greater profundity. So the expansive verticality of this blending highlights Nietzsche’s exemplary vision of thought and his engineering capacity to induct precision qualities into the philosophy of literature. His unique interpretation of art and tragedy is not based on the conventional techniques. Rather it dissociates itself from the content and creates an aura of universality which can be aptly applied to any epoch of literary practices: â€Å"After recognizing this immense antithesis, I felt a deep need to explore the nature of Greek tragedy which is the profoundest manifestation of the Hellenic genius; only now did I seem to possess the key to probe deeply into the essential problems of tragedy that were no longer derived from conventional aesthetics. † (Pfeffer, p. 32) What is stated in the previous part of discussion is affirmed furthermore by Ansell-Pearson in A companion to Nietzsche. In Birth of Tragedy, he develops a style which is not only mechanical in discourse, but also highly sporadic in terms of articulating the individualistic notions so distinctive of Nietzsche (Ansell-Pearson, p. 58). The metaphysical utterance of Nietzsche deviates from what the contemporary philosophers such as Schopenhauer propagated in their doctrines. Many Greek authors, Euripides for instance, viewed the cosmos as a continuous process of creation primarily in accordance with the Apollonian traits. The Dionysian break down of form is not associated with the fictional content of human existence. The antithetical elements inherent in any human being are overlooked by Euripides in Bacchae. Claims made by Kant and Goethe that form and matter are irreversible in nature are given a refreshing new direction by Nietzsche in Birth of Tragedy. He establishes a linkage between what Euripides calls ‘organic fiction’ and plurality of human nature. He does not try to draw any kind of imposed distinction between the two incongruous constructs. Euripides’ Bacchae does not fit into Nietzsche’s delineation of metaphysics. If we strive to look into Bacchae in the light of the Apollonian and the Dionysian derivatives, we would be able to see clearly into the dubiousness of the latter one. Chronicling the historical event of Dionysus’ arrival to the royal court of Greece, Euripides presents a controversial topic involving man’s stance in relation with god. Even though this drama is written to question many of the old systems of belief, what remains extremely perplexing is the playwright’s ultimate focus. Euripides questions the vague borderline between intellect and feeling, reality and vision, and logic and craziness. But at the same time, he refrains from arriving at any conclusive outcome that would give a clue to the reason behind mankind’s endless misery. What Donna Tartt portrays in The Secret History resembles the thematic literary genealogy of Bacchae. The idea which is propagated through this novel involves the secularism of spirit as the ultimate winner in modern world. The sheer fatality of occurrences at random does not leave a chance of revisiting the past to find plausible explanations. In this sense, this novel is comparable with Birth of Tragedy and its promotion of the Dionysian worldview. This novel can be seen as a modernistic attempt to recreate the primitive world of the Dionysian rites and rituals. On the surface it is just a murder mystery which does not deserve any deeper analysis. But Tartt invests in this apparent murder mystery a profound understanding of the Apollonian versus the Dionysian, and the confrontation between reality and imagination, between social impositions and the human longing for liberation. Aristotle’s viewpoint on the Catharsis is also dealt with effectively, creating an opening for interpreting life outside the beauty of literary premises. A deeper understanding of The Secret History is bound to reveal the classical and literary elements explored in the novel. The etymology of this representative work is closely analogous to both Nietzsche’s Birth of Tragedy and Euripides’ Bacchae. It is indeed fascinating to find a connective bonding with two earlier works dissimilar in nature. First and foremost, Nietzsche’s confrontation with disillusionment in the context of Athenian literature dominated by the Apollonian worldview is stripped off in The Secret History. Events occurring within a timeline which is non-linear in nature do not imply Schopenhauer’s doctrine of the world as ‘maya’ (Segal, p. 361). The gradual disorientation of the lives of six students predates Nietzsche’s preoccupation with answering the question involving human individualism and its manifold expressions. The Secret History propels the earlier school of thought introduced by Schopenhauer: â€Å"Although Nietzsche frequently speaks of â€Å"illusion† in connection with Dionysus and tragedy, he has in mind Schopenhauer’s notions of the world as â€Å"maya†, the self-deception with which human beings (with the exception of the Nietzschean philosopher) mask the emptiness and meaninglessness of their lives, and hardly the kind of theatrical, and metatheatrical, illusion of my chapter on metatragedy. † (Segal, p. 361) It is clear from the three readings that The Secret History along with Steppenwolf is ideologically in proximity to Nietzsche’s Birth of Tragedy. What emerges out of Euripides’ Bacchae is a different doctrinal claim which does not provide any scholarly ground for either the Apollonian or the Dionysian worldviews. Euripides leaves it ambiguous as to which school of thought should the literary definition of tragedy comply with. It is rather a mixture of the Dionysian revelry associated with choir singing and the Apollonian poetry. However, the drama does not provide too much room for calculating the extent of each, therefore making the task of classification immensely difficult and problematic. References Pfeffer, R. (1972). Nietzsche: disciple of Dionysus. Lewisburg: University of Bucknell. Segal, C. (1997). Dionysiac poetics and Euripides’ Bacchae. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Ansell-Pearson, K. (2006). A compilation to Nietzsche. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell.